• Circular Measure

    The circumference of a circle is given by or where is the radius and is the diameter. The area of a circle is We also need formulae for the length of an arc of a circle and the area of a sector of a circle. These can be easily found by considering...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/trigonometry/1119-circular-measure.html
  • Expressing Functions of the Form Acosx+Bsinx Rcos(x+alpha)

    Linear combinations of trigonometric formulae are very important: in fact any continuous function can be expressed as a sum of sin and cosine terms under certain conditions. Any function of the form can be expressed in the form or C can be found simply...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/trigonometry/1121-expressing-functions-of-the-form-acosx-bsinx-rcos-x-alpha.html
  • Knots and Nautical Miles

    A nautical mile (n mile) is the distance on the Earths surface that subtends an angle of 1 minute (where 1 minute = 1/60 degree) along any merician measured from the centre of the Earth (a meridian is any circle drarn on the surface of the Earth that...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/trigonometry/1125-knots-and-nautical-miles.html
  • Finding the Equation of a Perpendicular Plane to a Given Vector Passing Through a Given Point

    If a vector is perpendicular to a plane then it is perpendicular to every vector and line drawn in the plane, hence We can find an expression for u by subtracting one point in the plane from another. This is shown on the diagram above as where is an...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/vectors-lines-and-planes/1158-finding-the-equation-of-a-perpendicular-plane-to-a-given-vector-passing-through-a-given-point.html
  • Neutrons, Protons and Electrons - Isotopes

    An atom is made up of a nucleus, itself made up of protons and neutrons held together by the strong nuclear force, and electrons, which form a 'cloud' and the nucleus. The following points must be made: The number of electrons is equal to the number of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/atomic-and-nuclear-physics/1222-neutrons-protons-and-electrons-isotopes.html
  • The Mechanics of Atomic Spectra

    In an atom, electrons occupy orbits, each with a particular energy. The orbits and energies are specific to each element. This energy is negative because the electron and nucleus are oppositely charged, so attract each other and energy must be given to...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/atomic-and-nuclear-physics/1230-the-mechanics-of-atomic-spectra.html
  • X - Ray Imaging Techniques

    The basic principle of x – ray imaging is that some body tissues (especially bones) attenuate x – rays much more than other tissues. Photographic film darkens when a beam of x – rays are shone on them so bones show up as white areas on an x – ray...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/biomedical-physics/1260-x-ray-imaging-techniques.html
  • Electric Fields

    Fundamentally the electric field is defined as the force per unit charge experience by a small charge – small enough so as not to disturb the field in any way. We can write or A electric charge or combination of electric charges produces an electric...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/electromagnetism/1266-electric-fields.html
  • Equipotential Surfaces

    The best way of representing how the electric potential varies around a charged object is to identify the regions where the potential is the same. These are called equipotential surfaces. They are closed surfaces in three dimensions but we can often...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/electromagnetism/1269-equipotential-surfaces.html
  • Ohm's Law

    Ohm's Law states that the voltage across a conductor is proportional to the current through it, with the constant of proportionality being the resistance. It may be stated as an equation V=IR where V=voltage or potential difference I=current...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/electromagnetism/1274-ohm-s-law.html
  • Resistivity of Various Materials

    The resistivity of a material, (units Ohm metre, symbol ) is it's ability to resist the passage of an electric current. Resistance is measured in Ohms (symbol ) and resistance defined as the resistance between the faces of a cubic metre block of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/electromagnetism/1279-resistivity-of-various-materials.html
  • Resistors in Parallel and Series

    There are two well known and familiar equations for the resistance in a circuit: (1) for resistances in series Proof: The current in each resistor is the same - - and the voltage across each resistor adds to the total voltage across the two resistors -...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/electromagnetism/1280-resistors-in-parallel-and-series.html
  • Transmission of Electric Current

    One of the main uses of transformers is in increasing or step up the voltage supplied by power stations for transmission over long distances by power lines. The power is transmitted at high rather than low voltages for the following chain of reasoning....

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/electromagnetism/1290-transmission-of-electric-current.html
  • The Maths of Wind Power

    When a wind turbine is operating, if all the wind energy were converted into electrical power, the turbine would be 100% efficient. The calculations would go as follows, illustrated in the diagram. The area swept out by the blades is where is the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/energy/1294-the-maths-of-wind-power.html
  • The Roles of the Moderator, Control Rods and Heat Exchanger in a Nuclear Reactor

    The three major parts of the reactor part of the nuclear power station are the moderator, the control rods and the heat exchanger. The moderator slows down neutrons produced in the decay of uranium nuclei. This makes it more likely that they will...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/energy/1296-the-roles-of-the-moderator-control-rods-and-heat-exchanger-in-a-nuclear-reactor.html
  • Ampere's Experiments on Currents in Wires

    Ampere extended Oersted's observations. If a current could generate a magnetic field, then presumably, two wires carrying currents in close proximity should be able to interact magnetically. He showed that this interaction existed, and that the wires...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1300-ampere-s-experiments-on-currents-in-wires.html
  • Aristotle's Conception of Motion

    Aristotle's theory of motion was based on thought and pure reasoning, these being held most highly in Greek culture. Aristotle drew a distinction between natural motion and violent or forced motion. Everything was made up of four substances – earth,...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1302-aristotle-s-conception-of-motion.html
  • Comparing the Bohr and Schrodinger Model of the Hydrogen Atom

    The Bohr and Schrodinger models of the hydrogen atoms make some predictions in common. The most important of these is that the principle energy levels are given by In both models angular momentum is quantized, but in the Bohr model it a postulate of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1304-comparing-the-bohr-and-schrodinger-model-of-the-hydrogen-atom.html
  • Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

    Kepler's laws of planetary motion accurately explain and predict the motion of the planets. He made observations over many years, and was able two deduce three mathematical laws. 1. The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1315-kepler-s-laws-of-planetary-motion.html
  • Lodestone

    Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnetic material, made of iron and oxide. The magnetism is caused by the material having formed in the Earth's magnetic field. It was known to the ancient Greeks, but the word 'magnet' is derived from Magnesia, in...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1316-lodestone.html

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