• Constructing an Angle of 45 Degrees

    give an angle of 45 ° . Put the compass point at A and draw an arc which crosses the other two sides of the triangle. From where the arc crosses the sides of the triangle, without altering the compass length, draw extra arcs. Draw a line from the right...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/gcse-maths-notes/571-constructing-an-angle-of-45-degrees.html
  • Convection

    are one of the mechanisms by which energy gets from the core where nuclear fusion takes place to the surface of the Sun from where it is radiated into space. In the Earth, convection currents moving against the interior of the plates that make up the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/thermal-physics/1458-convection.html
  • Fission Reactors

    The basic elements of a fission reactor are: reactor core for holding fission material or fuel moderator for slowing fast neutrons control rods holding neutron absorbers to control rate of fission monitoring system containing devices and indicators of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-physics-notes/164-fission-reactors.html
  • Natural Climate Change

    The weather is obviously not the same from day to day. It is actually not the same from age to age. Over long periods of of time the Earth's climate chages. In the past – only a few hundred years ago – Europe had a 'little ice age', with the Thames...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/igcse-physics-notes/405-natural-climate-change.html
  • The Seti Project and the Search for Extra Terrestrial Life

    Several hundred planets orbiting stars have now been discovered. At the moment there are two main techniques: As a planet passes is fron of a star, a small percentage of the stars light is blocked, so the star appears to dim slightly. This happens...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/igcse-physics-notes/434-the-seti-project-and-the-search-for-extra-terrestrial-life.html
  • The Seti Project and the Search for Extra Terrestrial Life

    Several hundred planets orbiting stars have now been discovered. At the moment there are two main techniques: As a planet passes is fron of a star, a small percentage of the stars light is blocked, so the star appears to dim slightly. This happens...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/gcse-physics-notes/875-the-seti-project-and-the-search-for-extra-terrestrial-life.html
  • The Argument of a Complex Number

    Any complex number can be written in the form where and if if if if is called the argument of the complex number z and may be written It is actually the angle taken clokwise from the positive real axis to the line drawn from the origin to the point z....

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/complex-numbers/956-the-argument-of-a-complex-number.html
  • The Redshift

    The vast majority of galaxies are moving away from us. The more distant galaxies are moving the fastest – in fact the speed of a galaxy is proportional to the distance from us. We do not have a privileged position - the same conclusion is drawn for any...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/astrophysics/1206-the-redshift.html
  • Young's Dpuble Slit Experiment

    If a monochromatic light source – light of a single wavelength, frequency or colour - is set behind a screen with a single slit a which allows light to pass, and then allowed to fall on a screen with two other slits as shown below, then the two slits b...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/waves-and-oscillations/1504-young-s-dpuble-slit-experiment.html
  • Sunspots

    Sunspots are magnetic disturbances on the surface of the Sun slightly lower in temperature (about 3000 – 4500 K compared to an average surface temperature of about 5780 K) so darker, than surrounding areas. They usually appear as pairs, each of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/astronomy/1509-sunspots.html
  • Group Actions

    Let be a set and let be a group who elements act on the set A left group action is a function such that: for all where is the identity element in for all and Right actions are similarly defined. From these two axioms, it follows that for every the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-maths-notes/abstract-algebra-and-group-theory/1696-group-actions.html
  • Integral Domains

    An integral domain is a commutative ring with no zero-divisors: or Examples The ring is an integral domain. (This explains the name.) The polynomial rings and are integral domains. (Look at the degree of a polynomial to see how to prove this.) The ring...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-maths-notes/abstract-algebra-and-group-theory/1697-integral-domains.html
  • Pressure Changes While Diving and Flying

    For every 10 or so meters that a diver descends into sea water, the pressure increases by about 1 atmosphere. The aqualung diving suit includes a rubber helmet fitted with an opening for the eyes. Air is supplied to a mouthpiece from compressed air...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-physics-notes/202-pressure-changes-while-diving-and-flying.html
  • The Simple Cell

    A simple cell is composed of two rods – electrodes - of different metals connected by a wire at one end. The other ends of the wire dip into an acid solution. Current flows through the wire as shown below – notice the direction of flow of the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-physics-notes/276-the-simple-cell.html
  • Refraction of Waves

    Waves are refracted at a boundary between different materials. Any waves may be refracted. The waves change direction, as shown in the diagrams below. When passing from a medium to a 'denser medium', waves are refracted towards the normal. Conversely,...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-physics-notes/297-refraction-of-waves.html
  • The 'As Low as Reasonably Achievable' (ALARA) Principle

    The ALARA principle is a general principle – though used most for medical staff and patients - to ensure the safety of workers and the public as much as possible, when the risk is well known. Though radiation is needed to carry out certain treatments –...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/igcse-physics-notes/427-the-as-low-as-reasonably-achievable-alara-principle.html
  • Circle Theorems - A Summary

    The angle subtended at the centre of the circle is twice the angle subtended at the edge. The angle at the edge of a circle subtended by a diameter is a right angle. Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral - where all the vertices are an the edge of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/gcse-maths-notes/565-circle-theorems-a-summary.html
  • TV and Radio Transmissions

    National radio and television programs are broadcast using radio waves. Television signals are broadcast from London using narrow beams of microwaves to local transmitters and from local transmitters the signals are rebroadcast with wavelengths of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/gcse-physics-notes/888-tv-and-radio-transmissions.html
  • Finding the Equation of a Polynomial Given Two Purely Imaginary and One Real Root

    If a cubic polynomial where is real, has a real root and two purely complex roots, we can find the value of and the complex roots by deriving simultaneous equations. Since the coefficients of the polynomial are real, the purely complex roots and occur...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/polynomials/1017-finding-the-equation-of-a-polynomial-given-two-purely-imaginary-and-one-real-root.html
  • Bayes' Theorem

    Suppose we observe a random variable and wish to make inferences about another random variable where is drawn from some distribution From the definition of conditional probability, Again from the definition of conditional probability, we can express...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/probability-and-statistics/1040-bayes-theorem.html

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