• Joule's Experiment

    James Joule demonstrated the link between mechanical work done and temperature change. He conducted a series of experiments showing that doing work resulted in an increase in temperature proportional to the amount of work done, allowing for...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1314-joule-s-experiment.html

  • The Cases For and Against Nuclear Power

    Before nuclear power there was the nuclear bomb, and the presence of the nuclear bomb casts a shadow over the debate about nuclear power, even between countries. Many countries think that nuclear bombs are being developed under the cover of nuclear...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/gcse-physics-notes/833-the-cases-for-and-against-nuclear-power.html

  • A* Maths/Physics Tuition Throughout London & Online Tests/Notes

    for maths and physics. Maths Tuition for every A Level and International A Level(CIE/Edexcel) module - Core C1/C2/C3/C4, Mechanics M1/M2/M3/M4/M5/M6, Statistics S1/S2/S3/S4/S5/S6, Further Pure FP1/FP2/FP3/FP4 and Decision D1/D2, and physics tuition for...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/

  • Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and the Loss of Determinism

    Heisenberg was a pioneer of quantum mechanics, presenting a new picture of particles represented as vectors operated on by waves. The matrix formulation accounted for many of the properties of atoms. Much more intimately connected with the name of...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1310-heisenberg-s-uncertainty-principle-and-the-loss-of-determinism.html

  • Spacetime

    The success of the special theory of relativity in explaining many things that Newtonian mechanics could not while still being consistent with Newtonian mechanics at low speeds gives us a great deal of confidence. Any two inertial observers will agree...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/relativity/1444-spacetime.html

  • The Mass Energy Relationship

    energy can be changed into mass. Mass can be thought of as a sort of 'frozen' energy. According to the laws of Newtonian mechanics a constant force acting on a body of mass m produces a constant acceleration. A graph of speed against time will be a...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/relativity/1450-the-mass-energy-relationship.html

  • Fermat's Principle

    the Hamiltonian formulation of geometrical optics, which shares much of the mathematical formalism with Hamiltonian mechanics. It can be generalised to describe the paths taken by material particles, giving the method of variation of parameters and the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/light-and-optics/1609-fermat-s-principle.html

  • Longitudinal and Transverse Mass

    In Newtonian mechanics the mass of a particle is constant and can be expressed as the ratio of the force to the acceleration: The force can be written as the rate of change of momentum: so In Newtonian mechanics and is constant so In special...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/special-and-general-relativity/1665-longitudinal-and-transverse-mass.html

  • A Level Maths Notes - FP3

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/a-level-maths-notes/fp3.html

  • Natural Climate Change

    The weather is obviously not the same from day to day. It is actually not the same from age to age. Over long periods of of time the Earth's climate chages. In the past – only a few hundred years ago – Europe had a 'little ice age', with the Thames...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/igcse-physics-notes/405-natural-climate-change.html

  • Convection

    Convection is the process of heat transfer by bulk movement of matter. Convection can only take place in a liquid or gas – fluids, since only in fluids are atoms and molecules free to move. When a fluid is heated it expands. If the heating is uneven...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/thermal-physics/1458-convection.html

  • Electric Wind

    When a thin wire is connected to a high voltage source, the electric field at the end of the wire can become intense. A wind of charged ions streams away from the end of the wire. This may be demonstrated by placing a candle flame near the end of the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-physics-notes/155-electric-wind.html

  • Joule's Experiments

    Joules experiments on work and heat transfer demonstrate that mechanical or electrical energy can be changed into internal energy to produce a rise in temperature. The apparatus for one of his experiments is shown below. Two heavy lead weights are...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-physics-notes/180-joule-s-experiments.html

  • Librational Periods

    Libration takes place when a body on periodic motion does not have enough energy to complete a full rotation. When it reaches the end points the sign of changes. Librational motion is illustrated in the phase diagram below, the librations taking place...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/non-linear-dynamics/1596-librational-periods.html

  • Second Order Autonomous Systems

    Almost all Newtonian mechanical systems are second order or higher. For a second order system, two variables are needed to model the system and locate a given point in phase space. In Cartesian coordinates the equations of motion take the form and...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/non-linear-dynamics/1602-second-order-autonomous-systems.html

  • Simple Harmonic Oscillator With a Resistive Term rv

    In general a particle in motion is subject to many forces. There is a frictional or resistive force in most mechanical systems. Typically the resistive force depends on the speed of the vibration, and is always opposed to motion. The simple harmonic...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/a-level-maths-notes/m4/5080-simple-harmonic-oscillator-with-a-resistive-term-rv.html

  • The Need For Complex Numbers

    said to be 'complex' and labelled with the letter : and Complex numbers have many uses, in geometry, electricity, quantum mechanics, trigonometry, number theory... Example: If then and

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-maths-notes/complex-numbers/958-the-need-for-complex-numbers.html

  • Thomson's Plum Pudding Model of the Atom

    working model. The pudding had a density equal to the overall density of the material, and fitted well into Newtonian mechanics which pictured atoms as billiard balls. It was also not inconsistent with phenomena such as the photoelectric effect – energy...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/the-history-and-development-of-physics/1333-thomson-s-plum-pudding-model-of-the-atom.html

  • The Nature of Light

    motion to each other. This lead in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to the superceding of Newtonian mechanics first by the special theory of relativity, then by the general theory of relativity.

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/relativity/1453-the-nature-of-light.html

  • Intervals Between Events

    In Newtonian mechanics, the distance between simultaneous events events is a number that can be agreed on by all observers, and is equal to In special relativity, observers do not agree on the distance or time intervals between events – in particular,...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/special-and-general-relativity/1662-intervals-between-events.html

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