Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP; plgContentJComments has a deprecated constructor in /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/plugins/content/jcomments/jcomments.php on line 25 Call Stack: 0.0001 362552 1. {main}() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/index.php:0 0.0554 1211976 2. Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->execute() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/index.php:49 0.0554 1211976 3. Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:267 0.1257 4127544 4. Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->dispatch() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:233 0.1269 4155072 5. Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::renderComponent() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:194 0.1277 4172784 6. Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::executeComponent() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:356 0.1278 4203304 7. require_once('/var/www/astarmathsandphysics/components/com_content/content.php') /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:381 0.1288 4226024 8. ContentController->execute() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/components/com_content/content.php:42 0.1288 4226024 9. ContentController->display() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/MVC/Controller/BaseController.php:710 0.1973 4895896 10. ContentController->display() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/components/com_content/controller.php:113 0.2007 5088048 11. Joomla\CMS\Cache\Controller\ViewController->get() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/MVC/Controller/BaseController.php:663 0.2012 5108976 12. ContentViewArticle->display() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/ViewController.php:102 0.2114 5297800 13. Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::importPlugin() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php:189 0.2114 5298056 14. Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::import() /var/www/astarmathsandphysics/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:182

## Which Is Cheaper Internal Combustion or Electric Cars?

Internal combustion engines are over 100 years old. They are very inefficient, at up to 30%. Electric vehicles are an emerging technology and are more efficient, at up to 6)%. Which though is cheaper - internal combustion or electric cars?
There is 35.8 Megajoules of energy in a litre of diesel, costing £1.20 (2017). Only 10.74 Megajoules of this energy is translated into useful energy at the wheels - about 10.74gajoules per litre.
Assuming the charging of an electric car is 85% efficient, We will need to supply
$\frac{10.74}{0.85 \times 0.6}=20.61 \: Megajoules$
of electrical energy for the car to have the same useful energy as a car with an internal combustion engine.
In 2017 1 KWh electricity cost about 13p. A KWh hour is equivalent to 1000 W supplied for 3600 s, or
$1000 \times 3600=3.6 \times 10^6 \: J$

21.61 Megajoules energy is equivalent to
$\frac{21.61 \times 10^6}{3.6 \times 10^6}= 6 \: kWh$
which would cost 78p.
Hence electric cars are cheaper to power.