The Boundary of a Set

Suppose we have a subsetof a set

The boundary ofis labelledand is the difference between the closure of the set and the interior of the setThe setmay be open or closed - the boundary is the same and does not need to be a part of

Sincewe can also write

The boundary of a setconsists of those pointsfor which every open set containing contains points inbesidesand points inbesidesIfthen thatis a limit point ofsoandis a limit point ofsohence

Suppose thatthencan't be an interior point ofsince if there would be an open ballwithSimilarly, x can't be an interior point of X-A.

Henceandsois a boundary point ofandhence

Hence

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