Resistance

When a voltage is applied across an object, a current may flow. Every object resists the flow of current through it, and this resistance  
\[R\]
, measured in Ohms  
\[\Omega\]
  is expressed as the ratio of the driving force - the voltage  
\[V\]
, measured in Volts, V - to the current  
\[I\]
, measured in Amps, A:  
\[R=\frac{V}{I}\]
.
The resistance  
\[R\]
  of an object is itself proportional to the length  
\[l\]
  of the object and inversely proportional to the cross sectional area  
\[A\]
.
We write  
\[R=\rho \frac{l}{A}\]
, where  
\[\rho\]
  is a constant called the resistivity of the material, measured in Ohm metres - specific to each material.
Good insulators - bad conductors - have high resistivity, and bad insulators - good conductors - have low resistivity. Semiconductors are intermediate between these two.
Increasing the temperature tends to increase the resistivity of good conductors and decrease the resistivity of insulators and semiconductors.