Example in the Use of Reynpld's Transport Theorem

Reynold's Transport Theorem states that
\[\frac{d}{dt} \int \int \int_Vf dV =\int \int int_{V_t} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} dV + \int \int_{S_t} f \mathbf{v} \cdot d \mathbf{S}\]

where  
\[f\]
  is a function of  
\[\mathbf{r}, \:t\]
  defined on a volume  
\[V\]
  consisting of a sphere expanding at a constant speed  
\[v\]
  so that  
\[r=vt\]
  Example: If  
\[f(\mathbf{r} , t) =a \]

The left hand side is
\[\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \int \int \int_V a dV &= a \frac{d}{dt} \int \int \int_V dV \\ &= a \frac{d}{dt} (\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3) = 4 \pi a v^3 t^2 \end{aligned} \end{equation}\]

The right hand side is
\[\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \int \int \int_{V_t} \frac{\partial a}{\partial t} dV + \int \int_{S_t} a \mathbf{v} \cdot d \mathbf{S} &= \int \int_{S_t} a \mathbf{v} \cdot d \mathbf{S} \\ &= av \int \int_{S_t} \frac{\mathbf{r}}{\left| \mathbf{r} \right| } \cdot \frac{\mathbf{r}}{\left| \mathbf{r} \right|} dS \\ &= av \times (4 \pi r^2) \\ &= av \times (4 \pi v^2 t^2) \\ &= 4 \pi a v^3 t^2 \end{aligned} \end{equation}\]

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