Theorem
Ifis a curve with paprameter
then
Proof
The left hand side can be expanded to give
The first term on the right above is zero sinceis perpendicular to
and so
Hencebut
so
Theorem
Ifis a curve with paprameter
then
Proof
The left hand side can be expanded to give
The first term on the right above is zero sinceis perpendicular to
and so
Hencebut
so