• Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

    of angular momentum in units of where This means we can write We can use the ordinary rules of classical Newtonian mechanics to derive the equation giving the differences in the energy levels of the electrons in the Hydrogen atom. We can equate the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/quantum-mechanics/1646-bohr-s-model-of-the-hydrogen-atom.html

  • The Paul Exclusion Principle

    possess an intrinsic angular momentum whose value is times a half-integer (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc.). In the theory of quantum mechanics, fermions are described by "antisymmetric states" such that if any two are interchanged, a phase change in the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-physics-notes/quantum-mechanics/1652-the-paul-exclusion-principle.html

  • Acceleration Time Graphs

    Acceleration time graphs indicate the acceleration relative to particular point as a vector. One direction is taken as positive and one direction is taken as negative, so only these this forwards and backwards motion can be displayed. At any time t the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1352-acceleration-time-graphs.html

  • Centres of Gravity

    Every object has a balance point. You can support it on a finger, it being not too heavy, and if, with you finger positioned in a certain place, the object will balance. Your finger will exert an upwards force on the object to stop it falling. Opposing...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1353-centres-of-gravity.html

  • Coefficient of Friction

    When a block resting on a surface is pushed (or pulled) with a force P, it experiences a force of friction, Fr, that opposes the movement of the block. If the force pushing the block increases, so does the frictional force, but only up to a limit. The...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1354-coefficient-of-friction.html

  • Components of Projectile Motion

    If a ball is thrown up in the air, not vertically and not horizontally but at an angle to the horizontal, then it follows a path of the form Any path of this form is called a parabola. The ball, a projectile, describes a parabola, and this is true for...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1355-components-of-projectile-motion.html

  • Different Types of Force

    There are many different type of force and some of them have the same origin – the electric force. The following table provides a summary. Name of force Description Gravitational The force between objects of mass and separated by a distance as a result...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1357-different-types-of-force.html

  • Displacement Time Graphs

    Displacement time graphs indicate the displacement relative to particular point as a vector. One direction is taken as positive and one direction is taken as negative, so only these this forwards and backwards motion can be displayed. At any time t the...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1358-displacement-time-graphs.html

  • Dynamic and Static Friction

    Friction opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. It occurs because surfaces are not smooth on the microscopic scale. If the surfaces are not moving relative too each other, then there is static friction. If they are in relative motion,...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1359-dynamic-and-static-friction.html

  • Efficiency and Power

    Not all energy does something useful. When work is done on an object, usually some energy is used to overcome a friction or air resistance force. This energy becomes internal energy of the molecules of a material. This energy takes the form of a random...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1360-efficiency-and-power.html

  • Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

    Momentum is always conserved in collisions. Energy however is not always conserved. In fact collisions can be classified into three types, according to whether kinetic energy is conserved or not: Elastic Collision – Kinetic Energy is conserved. In...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1361-elastic-and-inelastic-collisions.html

  • Energy

    When work is done on an object, the object gains energy and the medium that does work loses energy. The amount of energy transferred is equal to the work done. It is not always equal to the amount of energy transferred to the object. Some energy is...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1362-energy.html

  • Energy of an Orbiting Satellite

    The gravitational potential energy of an orbiting satellite of mass m is given by (1) where is the mass of the Earth. We can find an expression for the kinetic energy by considering the equation for a satellite in a circular orbit. For such a...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1363-energy-of-an-orbiting-satellite.html

  • The Equations of Uniform Motion

    If the acceleration is constant and the motion is in a straight line then simplifications become possible. We can define five variables: – displacement – initial velocity – final velocity – acceleration – time and write down five equations that link...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1364-the-equations-of-uniform-motion.html

  • Escape Speed or Velocity

    If you throw a ball up it the air, it goes up. The faster you throw it the higher it gets. As the ball rises, the ball slows and the pull of the Earth's gravity gets weaker. At an infinite distance, the pull of the Earth's gravity will be zero, but you...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1365-escapr-speed-or-velocity.html

  • Falling Objects

    A very important example of uniformly accelerated motion, as long as we ignore air resistance, is the vertical motion of an object in a uniform gravitational field, called free fall. Taking down as positive, we can draw graphs of acceleration, velocity...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1366-falling-objects.html

  • Frames of Reference

    If two objects are moving along the same line but at different speeds, then they will have a relative velocity relative to one another. We can find this by simple addition or subtraction. The relative speed of car A relative to car B above is 40-30=+10...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1367-frames-of-reference.html

  • Free Body Diagrams

    A free body diagram illustrates all the forces acting on a particular object and leaves us in a position to apply Newtons second law – – easily. Often the forces will be balanced so the forces vertically and horizontal are equal, Generally this will...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1368-free-body-diagrams.html

  • Geostationary or Geosynchronous Orbit

    The closer a satellite is to the Earth, the faster it moves. For a certain radius of orbit the satellite will move at such a speed that it is always over the same spot over the Earth's surface – actually above the equator. Such an orbit is called a...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1369-geostationary-or-geosynchronous-orbit.html

  • Gravitational Potential

    We can define a quantity that gives a measure of the amount of energy a body of unit mass has when in a gravitational field. This quantity is called the gravitational potential and is defined as where is the work that must be done to remove a body to a...

    https://astarmathsandphysics.com/ib-physics-notes/mechanics/1370-gravitational-potential.html

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